Pak Railway Thesis free essay sample

Railways,  lifeline  of the country, is a  national  state-run transport service. It is under the administration of federal government and its head quarter is in Lahore. It is an important source of  transportation  throughout Pakistan. It carries millions of passengers throughout the country. It used to carry huge freight in Pakistan. This cheap and safe mode for passengers is now facing a number of issues. A number of services of Pakistan Railways have been cancelled, suspended or terminated and many more will be suspended in near future because of mismanagement and shortage of locomotives, fuel and money. The chapter of all major services, from Lahore to Karachi, has been closed. It is pertinent to mention that all  AC serviceshave been stopped. The incompetent administration has failed to attain locomotives from any quarter of the world. Passengers are suffering due to mismanagement of administration. Pakistan Railways decision to suspend goods  train  service due to severe shortage of locomotives and fuel is another blow to this organization. It is now basically financially bankrupt organization. In other words it is on the verge of financial collapse. The political interference, nepotism, corruption, poor maintenance of tracks bridges and mismanagement in almost every field are the major causes of failure of Pakistan Railways. Pakistan Railways purchased 69 completely built locomotive units from China under 2003 agreement. These are about 37% cheaper than the European locomotives but considered to be faulty. It is stated that 32 of these have already been scraped. Dong Fang  Electric  Corporation  has been severely criticized for producing low quality locomotives. The other viewpoint is that misuse of the machinery was the major cause of the failure of Chinese locomotives. According to Sheikh Rashid, the former railway minister, crankshafts of locomotives worth Rs10 million were damaged because of the use of substandard lubrication oil. It may be mentioned here that normally a locomotive consists of six traction motors while the Pakistan Railways is operating them with only three or four motors. This is the major cause of mid-way breakdown of trains. The passengers, in such a case, have to wait for a long time till repair or replacement of faulty  engine  takes place. Naturally trains are too late and passengers can be seen sitting at platforms with their  luggage. A number of trains lack facility of light at nights because of the failure of the  generators  and ill attitude of management. Another reason that prevents people to go by  train  is increase in corruption by the ticketing officials. The reservation of birth is an uphill task. There are  complaints  that reservation is confirmed after receiving bribe of hundred or more rupees by passengers. Pakistan Railways is no more the best choice to travel for the passengers. Haji Ghulam Ahmed Bilour, federal minister for Pakistan Railways, is a very controversial figure. He is considered to be somewhat responsible for the deteriorating situation of Pakistan Railways. His viewpoint is that the whole railway system is obsolete. He complains that half of the total locomotives are out of order. Almost 86 % bridges are more than 100 years old. The trains, tracks and machinery are outdated or faulty. He says that Pakistan needs 25 to 30  engines  annually. He is now making a plan to repair, hire or lease locomotives in collaboration with the private sector. Moreover, he believes that a bailout package can be helpful to overpower the crisis. According to him delay in funds to Railways is the root cause of the crisis. He accuses the federal  government for  not releasing remarkable funds for the betterment of Pakistan Railways. All his plans may end in failure because of corruption in the management, financial problems, his ill-advised attitude and lack of vision. The efficiency of the railway minister is evident from its almost nil performance. He believes that two mafia gangs are very strong in Pakistan Railways but finds himself incapable to take any action against them. He seems to be too weak to solve the issues and problems faced by his ministry. The Chief Justice has expressed his disapproval for the high-ups of Railways in the following comments: â€Å"Ninety metric tons of  silver  worth millions was sold for mere Rs28,000 as scrap, while  a light bulb  worth Rs60 is being purchased at Rs400, whereas absence of maintenance turned expensive locomotives into junk one by one, besides a Grade-18 officer, a blue-eyed boy of the railways minister, is promoted to hold a Grade-20 post of secretary purchase. In the words of Chief Justice â€Å" the electricity wires meant for  electric  trains from Lahore to Khanewal have been stolen. † Moreover, he observed that â€Å"tickets were sold in advance outside  ticket  counters and tickets were not available at railway stations. † It is also in the notice of the apex court that land mafia has grabbed Pakistan Railways land in different areas of the country. He has already order ed the railways to approach the Sindh administration in this connection. Nonetheless, everybody knows the efficiency of the present Sindh government. Railways needed Rs2. 2 billion to pay the salaries and pension to its protesting employees but the government has not released enough money to overpower the deep financial crisis. The economy of the country is under severe pressure and the poor administration seems to be unable to solve the problem. The apex court has already remarked â€Å"Railways should take steps to make it functional as early as possible. † Sheikh Rashid Ahmad, former railway minister, blames corrupt officers of the department for the present situation in Pakistan Railways. According to him only 156 locomotives out of 500 are in normal working condition. According to his statement 15,000 freight  wagons  are not plying in the country and the business has gone in the hands of the private sector. He claims that 200  coaches  and several locomotives, imported from China, could have been manufactured in the local Carriage Factory in Islamabad. Due to imported  coaches  and machinery several labourers have lost their  jobs  or sent on forced leave. A limited number of loaders have been appointed by the administration on the platforms to carry the  luggage  of the passengers. It is stated that a particular amount of money is received by the administration as a bribe from these poor loaders. In return they are allowed to receive hundred rupees from the passenger to carry the  luggage. A private firm has been working under the contract to transport goods including medicines,carpets,  furniture and  electronic appliances through Pakistan Railways. The monopoly of this firm is an obstacle in the free trade of different goods. Pakistan Railways should create competitive atmosphere to provide the customers with more facilities. Pakistan Railways losses have reached billions of rupees. It seems difficult to bring trains back on tracks in the present circumstances. The situation may not change unless corrupt high-ups are removed, suspended and dismissed from the services. To restructure and modernise Pakistan Railways under the present administration seems to be the dream of a mad man. Pakistan Railways is sinking in the sea of corruption as no serious efforts are being made to eradicate it from this department. PAKISTAN RAILWAY CRISIS AND ITS SOLUTIONS Among the means of transportation railways are the cheapest and safest mode for passengers and goods. It also helps in growth of economy for the country. A plan for a rail system in  Pakistan  was first proposed in 1858. A survey for railway line was initiated by Commissioner of Sindh ,Sir Henry Edward Fere in 1858. It was proposed that a railway line from  Karachi  City  to Kotri, steam navigation from the Indus /Chenab up to  Multan  and from there another railway to  Lahore  and beyond be constructed. Thus, it was on 13th May, 1861 that first railway line was opened for public traffic between  Ã‚  Ã‚  Karachi  City  and Kotri, the distance of 105 miles. The line between  Karachi  Cityand Kemari was opened in 1889   and   by 1897 the line from Kemari to Kotri was doubled. Since 1861 when the first railway line was laid down between  Karachi  and Kotri, the expansion of the railway network by the British came at a rapid pace up until 1947. The driving factors for this growth were strategic and economic in nature. For instance to stop the invasion of the Russians from the West, the British built the Khojak tunnel, the fourth largest at that time, in seemingly inaccessible areas of Balochistan to reach Chaman railway station.

Sample Essay of Observation in Pharmacy Technician

Sample Essay of Observation in Pharmacy TechnicianA sample essay of observation in pharmacy technician is a simple to understand essay. It is written in the format of an essay and only follows few rules of grammar and organization. These rules are very easy to follow and can be easily learned. An essay in this format must be short and to the point.When writing an essay, presentation of knowledge in its simplest form is usually required. It is important to explain the basic principles of science in the easiest way possible. Essays of observation in pharmacy technician must deal with certain basic topics. They are: Physiology and pathology of human body, anatomy, cell biology, chemical biology, microbiology, pharmacology, toxicology, medical terminology and physiology of the brain. This is called as anatomy.Physiology and pathology of the human body are a branch of medicine dealing with the study of the human system. It deals with the study of various organs and tissues in a human body . It studies the functions of different cells and how they work together to support the body system. These are the branches of anatomy.Description of the human body is made by organs and tissues that display different actions in the body. These actions help us to know what these organs are doing. This description is made in the form of organs and their interrelation and their function is also shown.The usage of appropriate words like 'the'it is' in describing organs and tissues are very important in order to understand the details about the human body. This is to avoid misunderstanding.A sample essay of observation in pharmacy technician requires this. Using the correct words and making sense of the sentences and paragraphs should be learned. Not being able to do this can lead to alot of confusion.Experience of teaching, implementation of theories and implementation of course requirements are a part of education. This is not something that is taught in every medical school or colleg e. It can be learned through experience, these are the experience that happens in one's life and not something that is just read or heard from a textbook. It is observed and feels by one's mind, not by an eye.Observation of life in this world is the experience that people take and share with others. It is the things that can be observed with the use of a good eye.

Soil and Groundwater Contamination in the UAE The Other Side of the Technological Progress

Introduction Despite a significant progress, which the United Arab Emirates have made over the past few years in terms of technology (Panambunan-Ferse Breiter 2013), the state authorities seem to have been defaulting on the development of tools for disposing of e-waste. According to the recent news report, the situation regarding e-waste in the UAE has become truly drastic, the instances of its improper disposal growing out of proportions:Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Soil and Groundwater Contamination in the UAE: The Other Side of the Technological Progress specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A UN-sponsored project shows the average resident generates 17.2 kilograms of e-waste, which holds toxins such as arsenic, cadmium and mercury. Kuwait residents create the same amount, while Bahrain is next on the list with 16.4 kg. Chemicals from circuit boards or other parts can seep into the soil and find their way into aquifers, also polluting food for which the water is used to grow. (Wasmi 2015, par. 2–3) The reasons behind the choice of the problem are quite obvious; living in the digital era and using information technology in all domains of their lives, people are facing the need to dispose of the corresponding e-waste on a regular basis, yet they still have little to no idea of how to do it properly. When released into the environment, e-waste affects the latter significantly by trickling into groundwater. The latter, in its turn, affects the soil and the plants, which grow in the vicinity (Pradhan, Kumar, Sudhir 2014). The plants, in their turn, have a negative effect on animals, particularly, on cattle, when being consumed; seeing that cattle and plants are the basic sources for food production on a global level, the scope of the problem, as well as its effects, is truly enormous. Soil and Groundwater Contamination as a Threat to Environment There is no need to stress tha t the effects of soil and groundwater contamination on the health rates in the community and the environment, in general, including the survival of species and the state of the habitat, are dire. The impact on the environment in general and on people’s health, in particular, as well as the staying power of the problem, should be listed among the key criteria, which have been used to determine the problem as topical and urgent. According to the existing studies, the effects of e-waste on groundwater are truly drastic. First and foremost, the fact that improper e-waste disposal leads to the aggravation of the current health risks (Grant 2015) deserves to be mentioned. Moreover, e-waste triggers a rise in the risks for developing lead poisoning several times, recent researches show (Heart Agamuthu 2012). In addition, the release of chemicals into the groundwater changes the very habitat. As a result, numerous species are subjected to dying out, as they are incapable of accommod ating in the new environment, which lacks the elements that the species in question may need for their survival.Advertising Looking for research paper on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Lack of Care and Space When it comes to identifying the key causes of the aforementioned concern, one must mention the lack of enthusiasm first. Even though people are well aware of the subject of concern, they still fail to relate to the problem, as it does not affect them in a direct way. Herein the root cause of the problem lies. The rapid development of technology and its acceptance as the communication tool is another issue. Due to the spur in the use of IT tools and devices, the need to dispose of them emerges more often. Hence, the dilemma emerges. It would be wrong to assume that either of the factors mentioned above is entirely negative. Quite on the contrary, technological advances and the increase in opportunit ies for communication should be viewed as positive phenomena. However, because of the novelty thereof, the rules for their proper use are yet to be defined. The SWOT Framework The idea of integrating the principles of recycling into managing e-waste may seem reasonable, yet one must admit that the specified strategy will require the introduction of the corresponding tools and equipment. The latter, in its turn, may become far too lengthy and expensive operation to carry out. Seeing that the problem needs to be addressed urgently, a different principle of e-waste recycling needs to be integrated into the UAE community. Table 1. Methods of E-Waste Recycling: A SWOT Analysis Method Strength Weakness Opportunity Threat Landfill ease of use a threat to environment; a threat to people’s health; high groundwater contamination rates; locating the waste further from the community extinction of species; health issues among the local residents; destruction of natural habitats (Visvanthan, Yin, Karthikeyan 2010) Recycling reduction of environmental contamination rates; saving resources from exhaustion; reducing the number of health threats cost; time significant drop in health issues; reduction of air pollution and groundwater contamination rates; sustainability in the use of resources significant expenses; failure to drive people’s attention to the problem (Zhang, Ying-Xin, Simonnot 2012) Incineration waste volume reduction air pollution; impossibility to apply the tool to some types of e-waste more space for storing waste release of dangerous elements into the air; groundwater contamination by the remaining part of the waste (Hong et al. 2015) Plasma gasification efficient management of all types of waste Cost development of new tools for waste management failure to develop the required tools; major expenses (Bajpai 2014) Avoidance Possible reduction in waste rates Lack of efficacy Introduction of sust ainability into the UAE drop in quality of life; lack of control over waste management (Unnisa Rav 2012). Table 1 shows rather clearly that the use of landfills should be abandoned when it comes to eliminating e-waste. Although the specified approach allows keeping e-waste away from the city residents, it still affects people’s health in a rather obvious manner, as it still trickles into groundwater and contaminates every drop of groundwater in the vicinity. In fact, a range of studies (Visvanthan et al. 2010) show that landfills, though currently being one of the most popular tools for managing waste in general, are also the most harmful and need to be eliminated from the list of the methods of waste disposal on a global level. As far as e-waste is concerned, landfills clearly are the worst means of managing the issue; the longer the waste remains on the ground, the deeper the contaminating particles get and the more drastic the issue becomes (Visvanthan et al. 2010) .Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Soil and Groundwater Contamination in the UAE: The Other Side of the Technological Progress specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Speaking of incineration, the given approach is fraught with significant negative consequences unless several expensive and time-consuming procedures are carried out prior to the process. Particularly, both incineration and co-incineration require flue gas purification (Hong et al., 2015). Therefore, the tool in question can hardly be viewed as the means of addressing the e-waste dilemma in the UAE. Plasma gasification, which also may be viewed as the tool for managing e-waste and preventing it from contaminating groundwater, may be viewed as rather efficient, especially given the fact that it helps retrieve renewable energy (Bajpai 2014). However, studies show that the opportunity for the specified tool to be used on a global level is still far t oo scanty due to the enormous financial resources, which it requires (Bajpai 2014). Being a comparatively new tool for waste management, it still needs further testing, improvement and a significant drop in cost. According to the data represented in Table 1, the current method, which involves e-recycling, seems to be the most reasonable approach to take. Incorporating the basic principles of sustainability and reducing the negative effects of e-waste along with the chances to pollute groundwater to a minimum (Zhang et al. 2012), the above-mentioned approach should be viewed as the best option that the UAE authorities have. However, the approach in question can be considered rather time-consuming, seeing that it involves the need to make e-recycling tools available to all people concerned. Particularly, the residents of the UAE must have an opportunity to recycle the corresponding products properly and in a timely fashion. Thus, it will be required to build a large number of the faci lities, where e-waste can be delivered, collected and contained (Zhang et al. 2012).  Therefore, another option concerning the collection and disposal of e-waste in the UAE needs to be considered. Particularly, the services, which will collect e-waste, such as used batteries and motherboards, will have to be introduced into the framework of the state’s operations. It is highly desirable that the e-waste produced by the citizens, as well as by the factories and entrepreneurships, should be collected on a daily basis with the help of the corresponding services and then processed in a manner as expeditious as possible.Advertising Looking for research paper on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Table 1, the specified approach can be deemed as the most efficient and the least harmful, yet it is also likely to turn out rather costly. Indeed, the necessity to create state companies, which will need to be equipped correspondingly to gather and process e-waste, will have to be funded generously. Cutting the budget for other expenses, which can be considered less topical at the moment, can be viewed as an option. Solutions and Recommendations Once introduced into At this point, the significance of sustainability must be mentioned. Allowing the introduction of sustainability into the environmental strategy adopted by the UAE authorities, recycling based on the creation of the corresponding facilities will have to be coupled with raising awareness regarding the subject matter among the UAE residents. In other words, it is strongly recommended that the tools for increasing mass awareness, such as brochures, articles in popular magazines and newspapers, online forums wi th discussions of the related issues, introduction of users of social networks to the subject matter, etc. should be viewed as the key measures for improving the current state of waste management in the UAE (Kahkat, Hieronymi, Williams 2012). Indeed, the idea of introducing sustainability to not only entrepreneurships but also citizens should be credited as rather reasonable. Given the rapid increase in the average number of technological tools and gadgets that people possess, there is an obvious necessity to make sure that people understand the principle of sustainable use and waste disposal. It is only after the UAE residents understand why the specified recycling options are provided to them that they start sing these options properly (Kahkat et al. 2012). Reference List Bajpai, P 2014, Management of pulp and paper mill waste, Springer, Berlin. Grant, R 2015 ‘Sustainable African urban futures: Stocktaking and critical reflection on proposed urban projects’, American Behavioral Scientist, vol. 59, no. 3, pp. 294–310. Heart, S Agamuthu, P 2012, ‘E-waste: a problem or an opportunity? Review of issues, challenges and solutions in Asian countries’, Waste Management Research, vol. 30. no. 11, pp. 1113–1129. Hong, J, Shi, W, Wang, Y, Chen, W Li, X 2015, ‘Life cycle assessment of electronic waste treatment’, Waste Management, vol. 38, pp. 357–365. Kahkat, R, Hieronymi, K, Williams, E 2012, E-waste management: From waste to resource, Routledge, New York City, New York. Panambunan-Ferse, M Breiter, A 2013, ‘Assessing the side-effects of ICT development: E-waste production and management: A case study about cell phone end-of-life in Manado, Indonesia’, Technology in Society, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 223–231. Pradhan, J, Kumar, J, Sudhir, K 2014, ‘Informal e-waste recycling: environmental risk assessment of heavy metal contamination in Mandoli industrial area, Delhi, India’, Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, vol. 21, no. 13, pp. 7913–7928. Unnisa, S A Rav, S B 2012, Sustainable solid waste management, CRC Press, Point Pleasant, New Jersey. Visvanthan, C, Yin, N H, Karthikeyan, O P 2010, ‘Co-disposal of electronic waste with municipal solid waste in bioreactor landfills’, Waste Management, vol. 30, no. 12, pp. 2608–2614. Wasmi, N A 2015, ‘UAE recycling: bringing e-waste concerns to the surface’, The National. Web. Zhang, W-H, Ying-Xin, W, Simonnot, M O 2012, ‘Soil contamination due to e-waste disposal and recycling activities: A review with special focus on China’, Pedosphere, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 434–455. This research paper on Soil and Groundwater Contamination in the UAE: The Other Side of the Technological Progress was written and submitted by user Isai Hardin to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Wal Mart Essay

Wal Mart Essay Wal Mart Essay Case 4: Wal-Mart Stores Inc. June 2012 1. To what extent is Wal-Mart’s performance attributable to industry attractiveness and to what extent to competitive advantage? Wal-Mart can attribute most of its success to competitive advantage rather than industry attractiveness. As they expand their product lineup they bring themselves in to more and more competition with business already established in these fields such as grocers, pharmacies and other medical services. Additionally the market is already very saturated with very few untapped markets. Population growth in the US slowing and urbanization is increasing 1 may lead to their strategy of putting good sized stores into one horse towns running in to trouble as many of these one horse towns slowly cease to exist. This as I already alluded to would leave them in markets where their main competitors are established or establishing. When we compare certain financial indicators we find further evidence that the industry isn’t terribly attractive. The only thing that really sets Wal-Mart apart from its competitor’s numbers wise is its scale. It has gross profit margin is ~6% lower than ei ther target or Dollar General for both the years 2010 and 2011. Comparing other margins reveals similar results with Wal-Mart actually lagging behind their main competitors. Their current ratio is not quite 0.9 for both those years, another key area where Wal-Mart is significantly lagging. What Wal-Mart does have is some incredibly strong competitive advantages. Their immense size has allowed them to create economies of scale and gives them tremendous bargaining power over their suppliers too. As stated in the text, P&G derives 18% of their revenue from Wal-Mart yet their products are only 3% Wal-Marts revenue. Their sales forecasting techniques and EDI extended to all of their vendors make allow them to keep inventory on hand low and product mix finely tuned to the respective markets creating, as close as you can get in their business, just-in-time inventory management. This means that despite having more than 6 times the sales revenue of their nearest competitor they have only 5 times the inventory. Wal-Mart controls its own warehousing and distribution, an outcome of their original business model when they focused mainly on supplying small communities and developing that became a priority for them. It has yielded impressive results as they are a world leader in dist ribution logistics. It’s fair to say that what advantages they have are a result of competitive advantage but to what extent beyond scale are they really performing better than some of their main rivals? 2/3. In which of Wal-Mart’s principal functions/ activities do Wal-Mart’s main competitive advantages lie and what are the distinctive resources and capabilities in each of these functions/activities? Purchasing: Wal-Mart’s tremendous size allows them to lean on any suppliers and make them provide their products at as low a cost as possible. In fact many suppliers rely so heavily on Wal-Mart’s business that they have purchasing agents at the Wal-Mart HQ. This comes with the additional distinct advantage that the purchasing agent is isolated from his own organization possibly allowing the Wal-Mart executives to place additional pressure on them. It also gives Wal-Mart the ability to pressure their suppliers on environmental and labor policy. In short: All of their suppliers dance to their tune, a HUGE advantage. Warehousing and Distribution: In a word: efficient. Their enormous distribution centers rely on a hub and spoke system not dissimilar to the one in effect for airlines. They have optimized this system well enough that even returning trucks are 60% full on backhauls. The use of third party logistics means that they can operate on a five day cycle which is much faster than their competitors. Incremental improvements mean inventory turnover continues to increase and trucks are being packed more tightly. This begs

Is Liberal Democracy the Only Viable Form of Democracy Essay

Is Liberal Democracy the Only Viable Form of Democracy - Essay Example In the present world governed under the liberal democracy, the constitution protects the rights of minorities and individuals, as well as prohibiting the majority will by eliminating the practice of majority rule (O’Donnell, 2009). However, it has been argued that liberal democracy is not the only democratic way of ruling. Some people have said that liberal democracy is not liberal or democratic. Power appropriation can not guarantee the survival of society and the polity future. Evidence has been provided to support that liberal democracy is not the only viable form of democracy, as it has sometimes been compatible with inequality in resource allocation, anti-democratic rule, systematic corruption, and physical operation (Glenn, 2004). There are alternative forms of democracy that ensure that the vote of individuals is compatible with the fate of people. The quality and nature of rule and governance comprise a significant factor for survival, development, and stability of society (Glenn, 2004). Power appropriation by governing or ruling by force or election has no assurance for good governance, or development. For the past many years, there have been several systems of governance which have disappeared as they have failed to offer a promising future of troubled societies. Liberal democracy for this case has gained momentum in many societies as a result of capitalism, in which it is claimed to be the only feasible way of governance. As the other systems of governance are almost getting forgotten, liberal democracy has become a common worldwide system of governance, rule and power legalization, endorsed by the citizens’ votes (Hylton, 2003).

Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Term Paper Example Corporate social responsibility on the other hand can be defined as the responsibility that a Corporation has, beyond economic and legal obligations, to act ethically and to contribute in a positive way to the good of the society (Trevino &Nelson). Corporate social responsibility requires that every business organisation contribute to the good of the society in which it operates. This paper looks at whether or not the common practice of corporations making campaign contributions in hope of political and legislative favours is in line with these three values of business organisations. In America, Politicians, especially presidential candidates are sponsored by big corporations in exchange for favourable legislations if the sponsored candidates win in the elections. The funding of the political campaigns by corporations is a controversial issue; some people are of the idea that the funding of the political campaigns by politicians is in line with the law, the ethics, and the social responsibility of business organisations, while other people are of the idea that the funding of the political campaigns by corporations is against the law, the ethics, and the social responsibility guiding business organisations. This topic is quite significant because the sponsoring of political campaigns has big influence in the American politics, i.e. without the corporations sp onsoring politicians in America, many politicians in America, especially the presidential candidates would not be able to fund their campaigns. Before we explore the controversy of the funding of political campaigns by politicians, it is important to have background information regarding this topic. On the law and the funding of the political campaigns by the corporations, it is argued that since the law recognizes business corporations as persons, the business corporations have rights to influence the political process by

Skeletal Disease Essay Example for Free

Skeletal Disease Essay I know that skeletal disease pertain to the bones in the body. These can be deadly and limit the ability to move around and have a good, solid range of motion. I know that skeletal diseases are treated by orthopedics diagnose and treat disorders with bones and orthopedic surgeons operate on the bones. I would like to know what the range of treatments are based upon the diseases. I also would like to know the statistics on skeletal disease and how common it is within America and other countries, such as which has the highest amount of bone cancer and which has the lowest? These questions fascinate me, especially the ones pertaining to cancer. I would like to know about more skeletal diseases in general. My skeletal disease that I chose is bone cancer otherwise known as sarcomas. I chose this one because cancer has always fascinated me. The one thing that kills a lot of individuals across the world not just USA and the bigger countries but no country is exempt. Cancer does not care who it takes, their age, gender, sexual preference, nothing matters to cancer. I want to study cancer in hopes of maybe finding a common pattern that can one day be overcome and then cancer can be eliminated for good. My search started where almost all research papers start, on Google. I searched bone cancer and picked the medical website on cancer. This website gave me good information on the different types of bone cancers and how to determine the difference between bone cancer, bone marrow cancer, and cancers that migrate to the bones. My other website (http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.3322/caac.21166/full.) gave me statistics on the amount of new cases and deaths in United States of America with new cases and new deaths. I learned, from the first site, that there are many different actual bone cancers like Osteosarcomas, Chondrosarcomas, Ewing tumor, Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma (MFH), Fibrosarcoma, Giant cell tumor of bone, Chordoma. These all have different causes and effects but one thing they all have in common is that they all originate in the bones, not in bone marrow or other organs and metastasizes to the bones. Cancer cells that start in other organs and move to the bone still have same structure as where they began.