Existentialism Therapy

Existentialism Therapy Free Online Research Papers Existential therapy is aimed at dealing with people and their existence and letting them have the freedom to make choices in shaping their life. This type of therapy tries to help the client improve their self-knowledge and then helps them to make their own decisions about life (Szasz, 2005). The therapist makes the client aware that they are responsible for their own life. Existential therapist are also more focused on the present and the future and do not focus as much on the past. Although they may talk about the past, it is more as a reference to help the client learn from the past so that they can improve their present. There are six main concepts that existential therapy try to address with clients: self-awareness, freedom and responsibility, identity and relationships, anxiety, feeling of meaninglessness, and death (Szasz, 2005). When the client learns to increase their self-awareness they learn that they chose their actions so they can basically create their own destinies. Also they become aware that they have the potential to act or not to act, it is a decision that they have to make. Some of the awareness that the therapist helps the client realize is that they are not living in the present because they are preoccupied with the past (Corey, 2005). Which in return they come to the conclusion that they are not condemned to a future similar to the past. They have to use the past and learn from it and that is the awareness that the therapist tries to show their client. The next concept to be talked about is freedom and responsibility of the client. In existential therapy the client has full freedom to do what they may, but they also learn to take the responsibility for their actions. Clients who refuse to accept responsibility by blaming others for their problems will not profit from therapy (Szasz, 2005). The client has to learn that they shape their own lives and they are the ones making decisions for them and therefore they are responsible for what happens. The therapist is there to talk to the client about how others may influence the client’s decisions and encourage them to move towards make their own choices (Corey, 2005). Everyone is trying to make their own identity and be someone who is unique. People also make relationships because we are naturally driven to connect with others, but we must open up to others and also care for them too or else the relationship will not last (Corey, 2005). This is where existentialist talk about loneliness because clients may see themselves as failures if they cannot develop relationships. The trouble with relying too much on relationships is that people may learn to trust their directions, values, or beliefs instead of trusting in themselves to find their own answers or values (Corey, 2005). Existential therapy can really help clients challenge the meaning of their lives. Meaninglessness in life leads to emptiness and hollowness, or a condition that Frankl calls the existential vacuum (Corey, 2005). When dealing with a client and trying to help them with having feelings of meaninglessness, the therapist’s trust is important in teaching clients to trust their own capacity to discover a new source of values. The client may experience some major anxiety when dealing with getting rid of or altering old values. This anxiety may even get worse if they do not find appropriate ones to replace them with (Corey, 2005). Anxiety is one of the major concepts that existential therapist’s deal with. Anxiety arises from personal strivings to survive and to maintain and assert one’s being. The feelings anxiety generates are an inevitable aspect of the human condition. Existential therapists differentiate between normal and neurotic anxiety. Normal anxiety is an appropriate response to an event being faced. Existential anxiety is a constructive form of normal anxiety and can be a stimulus for growth (Corey, 2005) . Existentialist’s do not view death negatively and think that awareness of death as a basic human condition gives significance to living. Frankl believes that death should not be considered a threat; rather death provides the motivation for us to live our lives fully and take advantage of each opportunity to do something meaningful (Corey, 2005). When people are too afraid of death it begins to run their life and they may not do something they want to because they are scared of what might happen. With existential therapy they talk to the clients and let them know that death is not something they should be scared of and it should not run their lives. Two important foundational theorists in existentialism were Viktor Fankl and Rollo May. Viktor Frankl called his form of existential therapy logotherapy, which is derived in part from the Greek word logos, which can mean to study word, spirit, God, or meaning. It is this last sense Frankl seems to focuse on the most, with his logotherapy Frankl postulates a will to meaning as the key motivation of the human being. Frankl also uses the Greek word noà ¶s, which means mind or spirit. In traditional psychology, he suggests, we focus on â€Å"psychodynamics,† which sees people as trying to reduce psychological tension. Instead, or in addition, Frankl says we should pay attention to noà ¶dynamics, wherein tension is necessary for health, at least when it comes to meaning. People desire the tension involved in striving for some worthy goal, making the bumps in the road of life worth it for the journey. (Boeree, 2006) The other important theorist, Rollo May, is for he uses some traditional existential terms slightly differently than others, and invents new words for some of existentialism’s old ideas. Destiny, for example, is roughly the same as thrown-ness combined with fallen-ness. (Boeree, 2006) It is that part of our lives that is determined for us, our raw materials, if you like, for the project of creating our lives. Another example is the word courage, which he uses more often than the traditional term authenticity to mean facing one’s anxiety and rising above it. May is also the only existential psychologist who discusses a type of staging of development. Starting with Innocence, going through rebellion, ordinary, and ending with creative. These are not stages like those of Freud or Erikson. They are different in the sense that at any given developmental stage a person may experience any of these. A child can be at the innocent, ordinary or creative stage at any given time. Existentialism deals with people and existence. The therapy is aimed at helping a client improve and enhance their hold on choice making, freedom, and their self-knowledge. Making them responsible and capable in their own lives. References Boeree, DR. George C, Rollo May: Personality Theories, 1996, 2006 Viktor Frankl: Personality Theories, 1998, 2006 http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/may.html Corey, G. (2005). Theory and practice of counseling and psycotherapy . Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole. Szasz, T. (2005, January). What is Existential Therapy Not?. Existential Analysis: Journal of the Society for Existential Analysis, 16(1), 127-130. Retrieved March 31, 2009, from Academic Search Complete database. 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OPRATION Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

OPRATION - Assignment Example Various reviews of related literature have revealed challenges in performance measurement for knowledge workers due to the interplay of the following factors, to wit: intangible performance drivers, the dynamic and intensive interaction between the worker/s and clients, intangible and complex services, as well as service impacts and customer value (Jaaskelainen & Laihonen, 2013). As such, the aim of the study was noted specifically as focusing on the measurement of two performance drivers: â€Å"the performance and well-being of individual knowledge workers and the ability to provide value for the customer† (Jaaskelainen & Laihonen, 2013, p. 351). The findings revealed that the traditional approaches used for measuring performance were apparently similarly utilized in knowledge intensive organizations. Likewise, in service oriented organizations, customer satisfaction surveys were deemed predominantly used as measurement tools. In addition, contingency based performance measurement approaches were also deemed applicable in service organizations and knowledge intensive enterprises. Overall, future studies using more in-depth and focused approaches were considered essential in validating conclusiveness of the findings. A company that uses project management in its delivery of goods and services is AMEC. According to its official website, the organization is â€Å"a focused supplier of consultancy, engineering and project management services to its customers in the world’s oil and gas, mining, clean energy, environment and infrastructure markets† (AMEC, 2014, p. 1). As such, its project management and execution process in major projects were noted to include the following phases: â€Å"all aspects of engineering, procurement and construction contracting†¦ tak(ing) control of project definition, estimating and planning, and project controls†¦focus(ing) on the deliverables at every stage of the project lifecycle, including supply

Tourism in the Experience Economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Tourism in the Experience Economy - Essay Example The Maori people of New Zealand have had a long history of involvement in tourism and a new wave of Maori operators are seen to have emerged over the last two decades to provide experiences to meet this demand (Taylor 2001). Much of the tourism product in which Maori have been involved, to date, is cultural performance, such as cultural experience evenings (Maori Tourism Taskforce Report 1992). Thecultural experiences offered are commonly promoted by tour operators as "traditional" or "authentic" experiences of Maori culture. Initially the idea of experience economy became known in businesses but today it has extended its roots to tourism. Experience economy is a well thought out contribution in existing economics. Most of the economies in the past were agricultural based economies. And agricultural based economy was based on raw materials. Then there came the industrial revolution and the leisure time became valuable as it was short. People started getting daily bread, ready-made clothes and tinned food. The era of manufactured goods arrived! This industrial revolution lead to economic prosperity by increases wages and decreasing the number of hours worked. Today, majority of the companies and organizations are transforming their services from services to memorable experiences. Such as Pizza Hut is liked by most of the people because it manages to host a child's birthday party. Here, the workers are the actors and people visiting those areas are the visitors and the place acts as a stage. Gilmore and Pine2 (1998) believe that the experiences and services are distinct to each other. They believe that experiences should provide a memorable activity that will remain with a particular individual for a long time. In order to achieve this and in order to develop that product, visitors must be attracted and drawn into the activity in such a way that they feel the sensation and the thrill. And in order to feel the sensation visitors should participate in that activity. This process demands and requires highly skilled personnel who can personalize each event according to the behavioral traits, the needs and the response of the guests. Providing experiences is not an easy job. It demands and requires a new supplierperspective. Suppliers of such goods consider themselves as manufacturers. It is important for the companies that they should themselves as stagers of events and not just the manufacturers of various products. Like any theatrical event, there should be a designed activity for the sets and dialogue scripting. Actors need to dynamically select individual sentences in response to the body language, questions and statements. In order to be sensational and an experience of thrill for the visitors, it has to be an interactive experience in such a way that the guest has more influence on the actions than the actors. In some situations where the experience is sensitive type then we cannot expect the visitors to open up and engage in that activity on the first encounter. Sometimes it may require a number of encounters so that they reveal themselves over a period of time.3 The process of designing services that convey unforgettable personal experiences is a combination of art, development, knowledge and skill, and an art that is poorly understood. Theatre industry is considered to be someone with perfect control over the process of staging plays.4 An experience enter the minds of the

Relationships in Second Life and How They Can Affect Real Life Essay - 1

Relationships in Second Life and How They Can Affect Real Life - Essay Example However, for many inhabitants of Second Life, it is not just a 3D online game, but another world that â€Å"†¦has its own economy and millions of residents who own and create property, make friends and even get married† (CNN Living, 2008). These virtual worlds (VWs) have become conduits for socialization, collaboration, entertainment, social networking, and business development (Mennecke et al. 371). In VWs like Second Life, users must build virtual representations of themselves through creation of customizable avatars, which gives them a 3D body that they control and provides a â€Å"tangible embodiment of their identity† (Ducheneaut, Wen, Yee, and Wadley 1151). Through the avatars, users can discover an ever-growing assortment of virtual sites, fabricate all sorts of items, from clothing to buildings, and create businesses to sell their goods or services, forge relationships with other players through their interactions with their avatars, and buy virtual property (Hayes 154). According to Dell, as many as 13 million people have logged on to Second Life at least one time and about 450,000 subscribers are from more than 50 countries are online in any given week, ranging in age from 18 – 72, 27% of which are female (Hayes 154). Researchers have begun to conduct studies to analyze the way self-perception formed through interactions in VWs affects behaviors in the re al world (Dell). According to Ducheneaut, Wen, Yee, and Wadley, "the choices users make when creating and customizing their avatar will have repercussions on their interactions with other users† (1151), which can cause users to create online personas that are sometimes the complete opposite of who they are in real life.

Comparing news reports Essay Example for Free

Comparing news reports Essay On the day of 3rd February 1998, a Marine Corps EA-6B Prowler jet crashed into a wire, along which a yellow cable car was running along in the Dolomites area of Cavalese, Northern Italy. The car fell, killing 20 people. The victims were nine women, ten men, and one child. At least six of them were German, whereas two of them were Hungarian, and two Polish. The operator of the car, who was Italian, also died. Three newspapers. The Times, The Mirror, and the American Newsweek was very different from the rest. It contained no pictures, and was very much more biased towards the Americans, and was trying to shift the blame from them, to the Italians: pilots flight plan had been cleared by Italian authorities. The Americans treated the tragic accident, as a political affair with Europe attacking America: Europe questions Americas character. The Times contains a great deal more fact than The Mirror which also contains fact, but with some opinion: Regional President Carlo Andreotti should stop these war games The Times and The Mirror contained much more factual information about the incident, than Newsweek did. The Mirror and The Times both commented on how the cars fell 300ft and killed 20 people. They also both say that a second car was left dangling precariously on the wire. The Mirror goes on to describe who the casualties were (men, women, and children), whereas The Times talks about what time the accident occurred at, and that if it were to happen in the morning, that the car would have been packed with around 40 people, as it would have been peek time: If it had happened in the morning, the car would had been packed and the death toll would have been even higher. This is because a lot more tourists would have been going up the hill, in the morning. The Times also gives, what I consider, as useless facts at the end, such as that the mountains have become a popular tourist spot. It also goes on to talk about irrelevant things about the area of the incident: The area The Val di Fassa is renowned for the quality of its wood, from which Strdivarius violins are made. The Newsweek report, does still have some fact, but a lot more of it, is political facts, trying to shift the blame onto the Italians: We fly the routs they lay out Here, the Americans are clearly trying to shift the blame, by saying that the pilots flying the EA-6B prowler, exactly where the Italians had told them to fly. The main differences between the English papers The Times, and The Mirror and the American newsmagazine Newsweek, is that there is no pictures or diagrams, helping to explain the incident in the Newsweek report. These pictures featured in the two newspapers, not only to help to explain what happened in the incident, and where it took place, but they also made a welcome break, from reading large sections of text. The language used in each report also is very different in each report. The Newsweek report has a lot of American language in it: hot dogging clipped tumbling returned safely fighter jet clipped cherry pie These words are not only the type you would expect from a typical American, but they are also a lot softer and less dramatic types of words: fighter jet clipped skiers tumbling returned safely , compared to the harsher, more dramatic words found in The Mirror and The Times: warplane screamed dangling precariously plunged horror smashed open like a cardboard box Sliced screaming collided smashed crumpled bad jolt twisted The tone also differs dramatically between the two British newspapers, and Newsweek. The Newsweek report is very sceptical, and is constantly tying to shift the blame, or to change the subject: Overshadowed by anti-Americanism This time analysts found links violence is as American as cherry pie The English news reports are laid out much better than the Newsweek report. The English newspapers have at lest two pictures, with captions per report. Both article also maps, which describe where the incident occurred. There are no pictures, captions, or maps in the Newsweek report. The extract is determined as an article, due to how it is split up, with three columns. The most predominant point, or main clause, it the last four words, contained within the sub-headline. Europe questions Americas character This is the main point, which the Americans are trying to argue in the report, so it is the point that stays in the back of the readers mind, throughout the report. The article that explains the incident most effectively is the extract from The Times. This is because the report form The Mirror contains a lot of opinion however, this report gets the main points over quicker. The Times contains a great deal of facts, so you could get the most information from this. The Newsweek report is basically a political argument conceived by the Americans about the Europeans. 1

Jamaica :: essays research papers fc

Jamaica is one of the three islands in the Northern Caribbean forming the Greater Antilles. It's the largest English-speaking country in the Caribbean Sea, and stretches 146 miles from east to west. The country's name is derived from an Aarawak word â€Å"Xaymaca", meaning "land of wood and water". Jamaica has one of the richest and most varied landscapes in the region. The center of the island is mostly mountainous and heavily wooded, spotted occasionally with small mining towns and villages, while the land is low along the coast, providing for some of the most beautiful beaches in the world. Although many people view Jamaica as being a primarily black nation of primarily black ancestry, the truth is that Jamaica is actually a cultural mosaic society. Jamaica has a very diverse background and the national motto, â€Å"Out of Many, One People,† rejects the notion of black separatism and black nationalism, embracing instead the notion of diversity in peoples and cultures. Jamaica's recorded history began before the birth of Christ when Indians arrived from South America. Arawaks were not very well prepared to absorb the impact of the Spanish under Christopher Columbus on May 4, 1494. When an English force of 5,000 men invaded the island in 1655, the Spanish offered little resistance and within a few years abandoned it as a colony. The English then ruled Jamaica uninterrupted for more than 300 years. The British had quite an impact on the economic, political and social development of Jamaica. One important factor here was the slave trade, which took place not only in Africa, but Jamaica as well. England’s government was also a big factor in influencing the political ways of Jamaica. Before Jamaica was conquered by England, it had a military government, but England installed a civil government based on the principle of the right of the governed to have a voice in the making of laws. At this time King Windsor ended martial law and appointed a twelve-member council of Jamaica. What many people don’t know about Jamaica is that it has a Spanish town, which was formerly the capital, Sevilla la Nueva, now called New Seville. Jamaica's social and economic development began here under the Spanish rule. The first domesticated animals and new species of plant life were brought here. In addition the first sugar mill on the island was erected at New Seville. However, by 1534 the town had been abandoned by its inhabitants because of the unhealthy environment.

Feminine Mystique and Black boy Comparison Essay -- essays papers

Feminine Mystique and Black boy Comparison Fighting for survival and status within the world has been in affect since the Stone Age. It starts with man against beast battling for survival. As time goes on, so does the type of battle, from beast to man against man. When conquerors from Europe come over to North America they push the Indians west because they, the Indians, do not fit into the society the white man creates and there are differences that are noticeable. Later on there becomes discrimination against blacks with the Jim Crow Laws and the silencing of women. Throughout history there are more examples where people do not fit into the â€Å"norm† of society. Betty Friedan and Richard Wright in their novels The Feminine Mystique and Black Boy both experience different forms of oppression. As Betty Friedan discusses a problem that has no name, but mainly how a woman is enslaved in a man’s society, while Richard Wright tries to overcome the Jim Crow south by attacking racial identity. â€Å"But forbidden to join man in the world, can women be people† (Friedan 50)? Friedan illustrates this point throughout her book. The fore-sisters of Friedan fought for the passage of the nineteenth amendment which was passed in August of 1920. The passage of this amendment was largely due to the women’s contribution to the war effort, the goal was declared about seventy-two years before, during the Seneca Falls convention in 1848. Throughout this time, women became immersed in their education and their own self-worth. Searching for jobs and not husbands is the focus. During this period the national birth rate declines since the women are not home at the man’s beck and call. As the ti... ...pirit to gain that knowledge will fall deep within the cracks and will not be able to survive. But Richard Wright fights to fulfill his hunger of education that is denied to him. The roles of the African Americans are mapped out for them, making them follow to the set aspirations society has for them. Just as society does for the women in Friedan’s novel were to aspire to be a housewife. Overall, Friedan and Wright though coming from two different times and places both focus on oppression of the mind. The oppression that brings this world against one another is destroying each person. With education being told as being for the â€Å"white man† only and our roles outlined by society, we try not to go against them. But we should not let our culture hold us back if we feel a void by not achieving what we as a person and equal in this world want.